As the time interval becomes very small, in the limit where it tends to zero we can write
Integrating from t to T, for the continuous case
which gives
Applying the limits and taking the inverse of the log

In the continuous case, the growth of an asset at the rate r(t) is given as

If the interest rate r(t) is deterministic and a constant (say r), then the eight hand integrand can be completed as (T-t). However, if r(t) is stochastic, then equation (3) is a stochatic equation.

Similarly, the stochastic discount factor can be defined as